PSY201 Week 9 Social Psychology Paper Scenario - 859 Words

1. The main factor that contributed to Sarah’s attitude towards her curfew was social cognition. Partying with friends was yet a new thing to her and she had been hearing of it from her friends but had never been to it due to the restrictions put by her parents. It was her curiosity to better know and understand her society and to see the things that she had heard of which actually made her break the curfew and go to the party. Moreover, there is also an underlying optimistic bias that influenced her decision to do so where she believes that things will turn out to be well overall. So, it is her social cognition that she still does not know very well of her society and that there is more to see and know for which she takes the decision.†¦show more content†¦4. The main reason that Jack feels attracted to Sarah is because they share the same interests. At the party both come to know that they liked the same music and that they also shared a few hobbies. Moreover, Jack also felt attracted to her because she was beautiful and asked her out to a date the following week. Here, all the five factors related to attraction including proximity, association, similarity, reciprocal liking and physical attractiveness are at play. Jack lives in Sarah’s neighborhood so proximity is also a factor behind the attraction. There is association where they are meeting in a situation that they really enjoy, the party. There is also similarity in taste and hobby as well as reciprocal liking as jack can feel that Sarah also likes her. The last important factor is physical attractiveness which is evident when jack discloses to Sarah that he finds her beautiful and physically attractive. Thus we can see all the factors of attraction at play here. 5. The kind of social interaction which is at display in the fight during the party is conflict. Conflict is generally taken to be a normal and essential part of social interaction. It is not seen as an anomaly but as an essential part of the social landscape. The fight between the two boys at night is also an example of conflict which may have happened and motivated by the pursuit of self interests. It affected others also at the party. People started leaving the party after

Essay on Confucianism and Daoism - 795 Words

Confucianism and Daoism Confucian and Daoist views were important for the shaping and development of mankind in the past. They were views that existed among the eastern Asian countries. They had both similarities and differences in the way they shaped out self-knowledge and self-cultivation. Also there was other outside forces that played a major role in their theories. Nature and art were said to have helped shape the human race as we know it. Confucianism and Daoism seem to be complete polar opposites but there are some similarities between the two. One way that they are similar is that they both focus on the goal of self-improvement. Their teachings both agree that people are responsible for their personal life, individual†¦show more content†¦Do not be upset, do not be startled; all things will order themselves.(Cleary 39) Rather than disturbing the balance of nature, or being themselves disturbed by things beyond their control, they allow nature to take on its own order and find peace in that setting. A difference in self-knowledge can be determined between the two philosophies. Confucianism teaches the idea of spending more time with society learning everything you can so you can judge good from bad and promote virtue. Daoism gives a different view of self-knowledge. It promotes the belief that there is more to the world than can be studied. It says that human judgements and teachings can be flawed by lack of understanding the whole worldly picture. Instead, one should go about life with the concept of wu-wei(non purposeful action) which allows nature to show humans their ideal path. Nature does not play as big of a role in Confucianism in development as it does for Daoism. Confucianism deals more with your learnings from society and strive for the ideal of a gentleman or perfect man. One thing that is said to be determined by nature is that Confucius never stated whether man was born good or evil, noting that By nature men are similar; by practi ce men are wide apart(Lun Yu). Daoism has everything to do with nature. It plays the most important role in human development and knowledge . It states that humans should helpShow MoreRelatedConfucianism, Buddhism, And Daoism2567 Words   |  11 Pages Angelina Chen- Period 2 Shivani Pasricha- Period 6â€Æ' Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism The founder of Buddhism is Buddha Siddhartha, born 624 in present-day Nepal. His name means â€Å"Awakened One.† A Buddha is somebody who has awoken from sleep and suddenly sees things truthfully. As Buddha grew up, he could speak sixty-four different languages and was a good mathematician. He often visited poor and old people, and realized that every person would one day experience sufferingsRead MoreComparing Daoism and Confucianism681 Words   |  3 PagesYou can compare Daoism and Confucianism to yin and yang because they complement each other. Daoism and Confucianism coexist as complementary value classifications in East Asian societies. Unlike Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, in which these religions were developed in East Asia, Daoism and Confucianism grew mainly in China. Although these religions grew from similar roots, they both still have different emphases. Daoism also known as Taoism, was a philosophical and radical text written by LaoziRead MoreConfucianism, Daoism, and Legalism976 Words   |  4 Pagesa variety of methods – Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism to name a few. Each philosophy had its own set of rules of how people should act both in public and privately. The overall goal of each philosophy was to set a standard of acceptable living that would ensure harmony and success for the society. However, each was different and thus had different results. The best way for the people of China to succeed in a harmonious, respectable society occurred when both Confucianism and Legalism were combinedRead MoreConfucianism, Daoism, And Legalism1688 Words   |  7 Pages Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism, are three Chinese ideologies in Classic China that held influence on how society should be, how to achieve order and what made government strong. Anyone that was a practitioner of these three philosophies would have had no idea how the Roman Republic or Empire worked in those regards. It would not be surprising if a Confucian, a Daoist and a Legalist had praise and dislike for how Rome was ran. A Confucian who might look upon the Roman society and governmentRead MoreRelationship between Daoism Confucianism864 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Ethan Martinez Rel1300 Dr. Benjamin Murphy October 21, 2013 Relationship Between Daoism Confucianism History has shown us, that Daoism and Confucianism have many things in common as well as many differences, let me start with what is Daoism and Confucianism. Daoism is also known as Taoism, is a religious tradition originated from China in the 550 B.C.E, it was founded by Lao Tzu, a great philosopher and the author of the â€Å"Dao De Jing† .The â€Å"Dao De Jing† or â€Å"Tao Te Ching† is a Chinese textRead MoreConfucianism, Daoism, and Legalism Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pagesmatters of China. Confucianism became the paramount school of thinking and later significant philosophies such as Daoism and Legalism gained immense recognition as well. Each party had their own proposals for creating an idealistic political society where the many problems they faced in their everyday lives could be eliminated. All three approaches were very distinct but at the same time, they contained similarities as well. In my reasoning, I find that Confucianism and Daoism could be paralledRead MoreConfucianism And Daoism As Forms Of Philosophy And Religion902 Words   |  4 PagesWhile Confucianism and Daoism as forms of philosophy and religion differ on many levels they share some level of basic similarities of understanding in the world. Surprisingly, in comparison to teachings in other religions, neither of these two religions have a creation myth in the traditional sense but instead believe that in the â€Å"state of â€Å"undifferentiated chaos†Ã¢â‚¬  (IWR, 280) that was all of existence, â€Å"two polar yet complementary energies known as qi (â€Å"breath†, â€Å"energy†, or â€Å"force†)† (IWR 280)Read MoreEssay on The Daoism and the Confucianism in Han Dynasty1623 Words   |  7 PagesThe Daoism and the Confucianism in Han Dynasty Yang Yu History 135: Imperial Chinese History Professor: Robert J. Culp Paper I March 4th, 2011 The Daoism and the Confucianism in Han Dynasty As the dominant philosophical school for around two thousand years in Chinese imperial history, Confucianism is always regarded as the most representative ideology of China, associated with numerous books, poems, artworks and stories that glorify Confucianism’s permeation into every corner of ChineseRead MoreThe Influence of Ancient Chinese Philosophies such as Confucianism, Legalism and Daoism 2337 Words   |  10 Pagesspecified area. A proper example of this would be the three Chinese philosophies of Confucianism, Legalism and Daoism. These belief systems all represent a different path of the geographic spreads any belief system could take, despite having originated in the same areas. Even so, they all come to be major influences in the different ways of life of the Chinese people, as well as other neighboring areas. Confucianism is a great philosophy to live by. It provides a strict moral discipline, and helpsRead MoreAncient Chinese Philosophies : Comparisons Between Lao And Confucius1476 Words   |  6 PagesAncient Chinese Philosophies: Comparisons between Lao Su and Confucius Daoism and Confucianism are two of China’s oldest religions. Both of these men’s teachings largely affect China’s belief system today, and both still widely practiced and still have temples all over the world. Confucianism helped shape China’s education system that still stands today, and Daoism has been helping people understand â€Å"the way† of life since the Han Dynasty. They are both very similar to each other, but at the same

Leadership and multiple ways of looking at the world Free Essays

Human nature is not an easy term to define, but every day’s activities of an individual revolve around the human nature of that person. The nature of a person may dictate such things as, how to handle various situations, how does one relate with others etc. Therefore human nature is both a product of physical environment of an individual and the biological aspects that a person might have inherited from the ancestors. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and multiple ways of looking at the world or any similar topic only for you Order Now A good person There are varied viewpoints on how one should be a good person. This is affected by the moral obligation of a person on how they perceive a good person to be and how they can achieve that. The society has got some moral standards that have been set which happens to be static and rigid (Schein, 1992). But with the gestalt that guides a good person, they happen to be flexible and dynamic. A good person will first envision a certain behavior, perform it and compare its outcome with what is the standard of the good. The outcome of the comparison will make the person consider whether taking the behavior or not. The choice is then made according to what fits the goodness described. Therefore, the judgment of a good person depends on how the individual takes that judgment. Moral behavior is an important concept of identity of a good person. Apart from moral uprightness, good character also is part of a good person. Within good characters, will obviously lay good moral behavior. To increase some good personalities in the organization, it is good to give rewards to those considered to be of good quality character. Many of the things that might come in mind when a person is asked about qualities of a good person are those who are kind, helpful, caring, understanding and patient. In most cases a just person will really try as much as possible to do to others what he/she might also want it done to them. This implies that rewards and punishment should be given where it is due supposed to be. Therefore people in a group who will show kindness and understanding to others deserve reward. These are people who in most cases will also be helpful to others and show patience whenever they feel that something is not going as much as they like. With rewarding this, it will increase the development of good characters as the physical environment rather than only depending on the inherited traits can also influence human nature. According to Schein (1992), rewards acts as an incentives of making people to learn. Therefore, people who show kindness to others and obey law also deserve reward. In many organization people have been subjected to reprisal actions because of being whistleblowers.   In any organization, if the management does not follow the laid down procedures and ethical behaviors there are high chances of employees with good characters to disclose such wrong doings. Many managers have developed the art of bureaucracy and autocracy in the organization that they don’t give room for the employees to give their views. But many people do not want to talk about their organizational problems in public due to the fact that they feel that it is dirty politicizing their organization (Morgan, 2004). There can be cases such as embezzlement of funds, mistreating of employees and favoritism in the organization. Such behaviors, especially fund embezzlement requires employees with a strong character who believes in upright morality to disclose the information or else, it may remain a silent matter and thus at the end hurt the organization. High Low context Culture in the organization. High context culture refers to a situation where by a group of people in the society have had a close relationship spanning for a long period of time. In this culture, there is high emphasis on interpersonal relationships. With this kind of culture in place people develop a high sense of trust among themselves, putting personal interest aside and concentrating on the general interest of the group or society. The events in this culture can only can ony be understood in context, (Schein, 1992). On the other hand low context culture represents a society of people with so many connections but only spanning for a short period of time. In this culture, logic, factors and directness are highly valued. Therefore problems in the organization have to be lined up and then solve one after the other. Decisions concerning problems have to be based on the factors rather than intuition. There are various differences between the high and low context culture. In the high context culture, the group members have a long-term relationship with strong boundaries. They consider the relationship to be more important than the tasks performed. Contrary in the low context culture, it is characterized by shorter relationships with no strong boundaries, putting the tasks ahead of the relationship. According to Schein, group leaders sets the boundaries while the group members are the one to test the effectiveness of the boundaries. Another different between the two is the barrier to enter. High context’s strong boundaries create a big problem for any outsider to enter the relationship as compared to the low relationship, which allows for outsiders to enter easily. This is because the low context culture has a unidirectional culture as compared to the mutual casualty of high context. My workplace is an example of a low context culture. This is because of the following, it is not difficult to enter the organization as long as one has the required qualification and there is a vacancy, then equal chances of employment are given to all; the individuals output is highly considered than his/her relationship with the organization; there are objectives that the organization has to achieve, one after the other starting from the immediate objectives to long term; any decision made or arrived at has to be based on facts of the business environment. Social construction Reality. When people come together and interact for a certain period, they form a culture that arises because of the mode they decide to behave or influences certain behavior. In such cases, the behavior might lead to certain conventional rules of behavior differentiating this group from the other groups in the society. According to Morgan (2004), â€Å"when we talk of culture, we are usually referring to the pattern of development reflected in a society’s system of knowledge, ideology, values, laws, and day-to-day ritual†, (pp 116). In constructing the social realities, there are factors about certain behaviors that have been put in place, these have consists of objective factors. The constructing of social realities depends on both the physical and social realities. In physical reality, it represents a certain organization, for instance a workplace, school, or churches, while the social reality will consist of the inhabitants of the physical reality. The rules that are formed and followed by human being in the physical reality ends up affecting the whole original physical reality. For instance, when an organization puts down certain values embedded in the organization’s motto, it is not that it is the physical organization that brought about the motto, but rather that the humans just came up with the belief and have made it a universal belief. All those who will be coming after the original thinkers and proponents of the motto will also have to follow same suit and behave in the same manner. This kind of values of the organization governs its members. In continued development of the values, it forms the basis of the organizational culture. There is no any correct culture, as many organizations happen to compete each other.   Therefore, the correct culture is only that which helps the organization to achieve its goals and objectives (Schein, 1992). When an organization finds certain means of doing its duties to achieve the objectives it becomes now a habit for all of that community to follow same suit. This implies that it will be a habitualization of the organization to be performing those activities in that manner in future. The problem with habitualization in the organization is that it narrows down the other means of doing the same job in a different way that may be beneficial to the organization. Reference: Morgan. G (2004): Images of the Organization, Sage Publication Inc, ISBN 1412939798 Schein E. H (1992): Organizational Culture and, Leadership, Jossey-Bass, ISBN 1555424872. How to cite Leadership and multiple ways of looking at the world, Essay examples

Emotion, free essay sample

Self awareness the ability to know your own emotions. This involves being able to adopt the witnessing stance so as to master self understanding and in sight into your own needs and feeling. Knowing and understanding your feelings gives you more direction for wise decision making. Managing your emotions the ability to master stress control anger overcome depression and anxiety and remain optimistic all contribute to skills in being resilent so as to bounce back from life’s inevitable setbacks. Self motivation the ability to persevere to delay gratification and wait for rewards and to stay focused and on task is essential in most life endeavors particularly those that involve long terms goals. Perceptiveness the ability to perceive and correctly identify the emotions of others along with skills at recognizing the impact of your behavior on others. The cornerstone of this is the ability to empathize with others to literally be able to put yourself in shoes of another person, along with the ability to read and understand nonverbal cues. Handling relationships skills in relating to others and managing their emotions. It involves listening skill, conversational skills being able to resolve conflicts and knowing how to be appropriately assertive. It also subsumes the ability to establish rapport with others along with leadership skills. In this chapter we focus on helping you learn effective methods for managing conflicts with others and mastering your own emotional responses. Making deposits into the emotional bank accounts. Understand the individual, in order to make deposits, you must first know what the other considers a deposit. You can only do this by learning to really listen to learn a persons needs or interests. Remember that what may be a deposit for you may be meaningless or even a withdrawal for someone else. Attend to the little thing, oftentimes it is the little things that count the most. Small insensitive things that that you do or forgetto do, add up to be large withdrawals. On the other hand those small niceties or favors that you do for another are often the purest proof that you care. In fact frequent small deposits typically lead to larger balances than the occasional huge deposit. In relationships the little things are the big things. Keep your commitments; remember the power of your words. Keeping your promises constitutes a major depost and is an essential element of trust. Breaking your promises particularly if this happens regularly constitutes a major withdrawal. Clarify your expectation; you can create many problems. Chapter 9 is about building trust as you communicate. Blocks to effective listening, judging our natural tendency to judge, to define things as good or bad cool or uncool can be an enormous barrier to effective communication. If you prejudge someone in a negative way it will influence your ability to listen. Negative labels have tremendous power. For example quickly labeling someone as stupid of crazy make it highly unlikely that you will pay much attention to what that person has to say. Other types of judgment responses include moralizing advising warning and ordering. When you are judgment other people are put on the defensive and typically turned off. Mind reading; rather than paying attention to what the person is really saying you are busy operating on the basis of your assumptions about what the persons thinking and saying. Once in a while if you are very perceptive your efforts at mind reading may be on target, but for the most part mind reading usually leads to mis communications and misunderstanding. Stereotyping; when you operate on the basis of your widespread generalizations about a person based on group membership os somne physical characteristic rather than getting to know that person for who he or she is you are setting the stage for poor listening and distorted communications. Interrupting; frequent or needless interruptions disrupt communication and interfere with the flow of the conversation. When a speaker is interrupted repeatedly he or she will often become distracted and feel frustrated. And if you are the one chronically interrupting then rather than listening you are obviously attending more to what you want to say than to what is being said. Giving the other person the time and space to talk is more than politeness it is the essence of true listening. And the other person owes you the same respect. Interruptions are more likely to be mad by persons in positions of authority over you like parents teachers and bosses. And men tend to interrupt more than women particularly in male-female conversations. Comparing; you are listening for purpose of seeing how you measure up to the other person, drawing comparisions and contrasts in your head. The end result is that you are so busy feeling either inferior or superior that minimal attention is given to the speaker. Rehearsing; you are busy concentrating on and reviewing what you want to say next which detracts you’re your ability to listen to the speaker. Stage hogging; stage hogs called conversational narcissists listen with primary intent of changing the focus of the conversation back onto themselves. At every opportunity they shift the topic back to what happen to them their feeling. Chapter 10 is also building rust as you communicate part 2. How to be a good conversationalist. Keep your message interesting. Avoid rattling on incessantly about minor details unless you know for sure that the other person sincerely wants to hear this minutia. Pay attention to nonverbal cues from the listener to discern if he or she is getting bored and adjust your speech accordingly. Show your sense of humor this doesn’t mean you have to tell jokes or be a stand up comedian. Allow yourself to make humorous or witty remarks when appropriate and by all means demonstrate that you have the capacity to laugh at yourself. Poke fun at yourself by making occasional self-deprecating comments. This puts people at ease by demonstrating that you don’t take yourself too seriously. Show an interest in the other person. Refrain from being nosy but do ask question to draw the other person out. Most people will enjoy talkingabout themselves if a chance so you will make good impression if you show a genuine interest in another person. Avoid monopolizing the conversation this includes interrupting the other person. Stay focused on the topic at hand. While everyone occasionally goes off on tangents and sometimes this helps keep the conversation interesting resist rambling or bouncing from subject to subject without completing your point. Refrain from engaging in annoying mannerisms such as fidgetingor using irritating expression such as punctuating your statements with you know. Talk fairly rapidly. A quick speech rate coveys enthusiasm intelligence confidence and expertise. If you notice signs of impatience in your listener or if people are often finishing your sentences for you this a good tip off that you are talking too slowly. Making a good first impression if you want to make a good initial impression when speaking with someone for the first time these tips. Refrain from discussing controversial topics such as religion or politics. Also no one wants to hear about your health problems at a first meeting. Jokes are fine but avoid any that are off color could be perceived as prejudicial or that are very lengthy and involved. Face the erson squarely lean forward stand upright and maintain good eye contact. Keep your arms open don’t touch your face and resist shifting your weight between your legs which could make it appear that you want to get away as soon as possible. The art of smart talk is often dismissed as superficial or unimportant nothing could be farther from the truth. There is yet another aspect of being a good conversationalist which is more sophisticated than tips mentioned above. This has to do with being able to develop rapport with another person. Chapter 11 is about knowing the workplace. Do you remember when you started college? You had to get yourself registered for classes. The campus was full building that housed among other thing classrooms and you had to find the rooms where your classes would be held. You had to figure out where the bookstore and cafeteria were. You were probably not able to function comfortably or effectively until you got the lay of the land. The average worker has typically worked eight hours a day for 5 days a week 50 of the 52 weeks in a year. That’s most of your year. One of the changes we see in society is the increasing diverging in the workforce. Unlike previous decades where white males dominated the work force the bureau of labor statistics projects that those entering the workforce will include greater representation of diverse groups. Hispanics are becoming the largest minority group in the us. Altough there are high concentration of Hispanics in several states, this population is dispersed throughout the nation. More than half of all immigrants coming here in 2000 were from latin America. Within the Hispanic population are subgroup with cultural and socioeconomic differences. Leadership in the workplace in a small businesses or offices as well as large organizations there is a climate that reflects the personalities of the people there especially the person or persons in charge. This may vary from place to place depending on such things as the nature of thw work the types of organization but especially important is the style of leadership provided by those with administered responsibility. Making a good first impression if you want to make a good initial impression when speaking with someone for the first time these tips. Refrain from discussing controversial topics such as religion or politics. Also no one wants to hear about your health problems at a first meeting. Jokes are fine but avoid any that are off color could be perceived as prejudicial or that are very lengthy and involved. In this chapter we have been examining aspects of the works environment that are important for you to recognize antipate and confront. We have prepared you with strategies to enable you to move around with ease. We have looked at trend in the world such as change new oraganizational patterns global interdependence diversity and leadership styles. We have reviewd some of the administrative realities of the workplace such as policies procedures and performance evaliutions. These topics were presented to give an overview of what to expect in todauys workplace. How can I use the performance review? You should keep a file of your performance records for several reasons first they comprise a record of your work performance over time from which and transfer back to you. In chapter 12 it’s about designing your own career. Suppose you were going to build a house. You would have a lot invested in your home, right? And you wouldn’t want a house just â€Å"put together† on a whim. No, you’d want an architectural drawing carefully planned showing the details of the whole project. The house plan would be based on information about your needs, limits, and preferences. House are a lot like careers.. a lot is invested and you may live in them a long time. Yet, in your educational experience I’ll bet that you have not (in decade or more of schooling) had a meaningful experience of learning about occupations, how to choose one, how to plan your work life, or how to achieve carrer success. Career education is just not a priority for our K-12 school curriculum. For a decision and an area of our lives that we spend so much time in, and that has such an impact on our lives, it is extremely important important to select a career as an informed choice rather han a casual way or by default. Theories about career choices, Many psychologists have studied and developed theories about career choices. Some wrote about stage theories saying we move from childhood fantasies of career toward more realistic ideas. There are some people who determined as a child they wanted to be in a certain profession and remained committed to that goal through their life career. In contrast, there are many students who know they want a college degree, but they’re not sure in what area or how this relates to their career life after college. Some students have decided on a career, but may actually know very little about what is required to enter that profession, or what life in that career means in terms of day to day activities or demands, salary, availability, ork locations or the like. Psychologist John Holland (1958) developed a theory regarding vocational behavior that considers six basic personality orientations. He describes the six types as realistic, these people apply scientific principals in things that they do. They may have mechanical abilities they like doing a or making things, Examples of occupation in this category would be pilot, electrician, engineer, or construction worker. Investiga tive, people in this group like abstract thinking, discovering new knowledge, testing hypotheses solving problems. Example of worker in this category would be a research scientist such as a physicist chemist, medical researcher, college or university professor. Conventional, People in this category enjoy working in structured situations. They are usally very self-disciplined, ordely, like organizing and can work comfortably at routine, repetive task. Occupations in the areas include clerical worker, accountant, bank teller, data entry or billing clerk. In chapter 13 is about being people smart. When we think of being smart we think of having a high IQ, supposedly being very intelligent whn it comes to congnitive skills. However, what we have traditionally referred to and tested with IQ test are skils in languages and analytic/mathematics problem solving. Thus, our concept of intelligent centers around thinking skills involving memorylogic, organizing ideas and the like. In 1983 , Howard Gardner challenged this traditional concept of intelligence when he proposed this theory of multiple intelligences. He described seven different types of intelligence that exist in humans. Understanding People, listening actively, empathically, charifying, interpreting beyond words to non-verbal message, and able to read other people’s styles and motive in order to work with them effectively. Expressing Yourself Cleary knowing how to get your message across be reading the verbal and non verbal responses of those with whom you are communicating. Asserting your needs, being your own person having and establishing limits and being straightforward with your wishes. Exchanging feedback giving feedback easily and without being offensive as well as seeking feedback from others. Infulencing others, being able to motivate orther to action, able toconnect with others, discover their needs, knowing how to reduce resistance and to make persuasive appeals. Resolving Conflict able to use the above mentioned skills to get the subject on the table, able to figure out what’s bothering you and other person and to suggest creative solution. Being a team player accepting the challenges to work with others through complementing their styles, coordinating the efforts of team members without being bossy and building consensus. Shifting Gears , understanding the differences in people, able to make changes in one’s own behavior, willing to try thing new and different, knowing how to handle the risk of change. Understanding Yourself, The aged admonitions from Socrates and Shakespeare to know and be true to yourself are filled with wisedom. Just as you probably can’t really love someone fully if you don’t love yourself first, you obviously need to understand yourself before you can become astute in knowing others. So let’s start with some questions to think about. Putting its all to work. In this chapter we have eamined the ideas of being people smart from literature. We have emphasized of being an astute observerand developing your people skills. We began recognizing how important it is to know yourself, your goals, personality, needs and behavioral triggers. In chapter 14 is mostly making work fun. Taking charge! When you think about going to work, who are you really working for? Are you working for a company or organization? Aboss? Your landlord? Or even your self. By this we don’t necessarily mean that you are self employed but that you are an employed self. Confusing? Well look at it this way your whole being is involved in your career. If you change jobs you are thing that stays intact that is moving to a new position. You need to see yourself as somewhat of an entrepreneur in the workplace. The flow is a sense of playfulness, a feeling of being in control, concentration and highly focused attention, mental enjoyment of activity for its own sake, a distorted sense of time and a match between the challenge at hand and ones skills. Also make it a game. Consider tasks as games with rules , objectives, challenges to be overcome and with rewards. Have a powerful goal as you play the game think often of the overriding social intellectual or spiritual purpose that drives your efforts. Focus let all distractions those within or without go. Center all your attention on the game. Surrender to the process just let go. Don’t try strain to achieve your objective. Let it happen and enjoy the process of work. Experience ecstasy this is the natural result of the previous four steps. It will hit you suddenly by surprise. There is no mistaking it this is a natural high. Create peak productivity. Your ecstatic state opens reservious of resourcefulness creativity and energy. Productivity and quality of work shoot through the roof. In this chapter we have been looking at those issues related to experiencing your wok as pleasurable. We have reviewed those aspects that reside primarily in your power, like taking charge and seeking intrinsic motivation. We have described exciting new findings regarding the personalloy rewarding feeling of flow. We have also discussed potential problems you may encounter in the workplace including substance abuse lack of advancement burnout and discrimination. In considering our work and career effectiveness it is important that you know the workplace you are continuing in or about to enter spend time designing your career and sharpen your people skills. Start with an I can attitude. Stay aware of whats happening to you not only your work and your thoughts but your feeling. Work with emotional intelligence. Remember you are in charge of your life. If you do this and remember the other points in this chapter you will be on your way to become happy!

The beliefs and practices associated with Holy Communion Essay Example

The beliefs and practices associated with Holy Communion Paper Holy Communion is a practice performed by Christians, for a number of reasons relating to belief and worship. While the ways in which Holy Communion is celebrated differ among the churches, communion prayers tend to revolve around the story of the last supper and the act of Christ giving his disciples bread and wine, and declaring it as his body and blood. This is the story of the last supper, the last meal Jesus shared with his disciples on the night of the Passover before he was betrayed by Judas, arrested and then executed. During the meal Jesus and his disciples were at the supper table and he broke some bread, gave it to his disciples and said, This is my body which is given for you. Every time you eat bread, think of me. Jesus took a cup of wine and gave it to the disciples and told them to drink from the cup and said, This wine is my blood that will be shed to remove the sins of all who come to believe in me and it is the start of a new agreement between God and mankind. The significance of this event, has been interpreted by the churches in different ways, which in turn has led to the variety of ways in which Communion is practiced among the churches. We will write a custom essay sample on The beliefs and practices associated with Holy Communion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The beliefs and practices associated with Holy Communion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The beliefs and practices associated with Holy Communion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Both the beliefs and practices associated with Holy Communion differ significantly from church to church. While the majority of churches practice Holy Communion, there are a few churches that dont practice it at all, such as the Salvation Army and the Quakers. While there are some differences in the way that Communion is celebrated between the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches (both high churches) the difference between the Roman Catholic church and Methodist church (low church) is far more substantial. There are two fundamental differences. The first and perhaps the most important difference is in the interpretation by each church of the way in which celebrating Holy Communion affects the individual taking part. This is known as the issue of belief associated with Holy Communion. This is explained in more detail in the paragraphs below. The second important difference, one that is easier to recognise, is in the way in which churches prepare for and perform Holy Communion. While some churches continue to adopt traditional methods to perform Holy Communion others adopt a far more informal approach. The high churches, such as the Roman Catholic and Orthodox, stick to very traditional methods and attach central importance to taking Holy Communion. By contrast low churches such as Baptist and Methodist, while they do celebrate Holy Communion, they do not regard it as being any where near as important as the higher churches, and tend to celebrate it in a much more relaxed and informal manner. The following are examples of how individual churches perform Holy Communion and the reasons they attach different levels of importance to it. Catholics refer to Communion as the Eucharist and practice it in a very traditional way. The first thing to note is that while some churches celebrate Communion on a weekly or more infrequent basis, Catholics can take Communion every day. It is not a requirement for Roman Catholics to go every morning but it is strongly encouraged by the church to attend Communion (Mass) as often as possible and at least once a week. This explains why Communion is so very important for Roman Catholics and is often described as the central form of catholic worship. The only person allowed to administer Communion is a validly ordained Priest acting in the role of Christ. In other words, the Priest represents Christ and his body and his blood are represented by wafers made from wheat (called the host) and wine made from grapes. Catholics believe that the Holy Spirit is contained within the wafers and the wine and that in the act of receiving communion the congregation is taking in the Holy Spirit. It is therefore central to the Catholic faith, so much so that they believe that by taking communion they are taking in the strength of the Holy Spirit which will help them lead a life free of sin. The quotation from John 6:53 sums up the overall belief held by Roman Catholics In Communion, we are eating the True Body and Blood of Jesus Christ, without which you shall not have life in you. Their interpretation of the story of the bread and wine is very literal. Communion can only be taken by those who have been baptised into the Catholic faith and have taken their First Holy Communion. This usually happens around the age of 7 or 8. The traditional Catholic church service (mass) follows a set format (liturgy) and concludes with the taking of Communion. During Communion wafers are used instead of bread, fermented wine is used which is taken from a shared chalice. The priest holds up the wafer as he says, the body of Christ and hands it over to the person receiving communion at which point this person would say, Amen. Then the priest pours out the wine and says, The blood of Christ at which point the person receiving communion takes the chalice and says, Amen. Any leftover bread or wine is either eaten by the priest or kept as reserved sacrament for the infirm in the parish. This routine tends to differ only very slightly between the high churches. The low churches have a much less traditional way of celebrating communion, which tends to link to the fact that they believe the bread and wine only represent the body and blood of Christ in a metaphorical sense, but that by performing communion they are only reminding themselves of Jesus, and believe that his spirit is no more present than usual. For example, Baptist and Methodist churches also hold Communion, which they call the Lords Supper, but they use less traditional methods of practice and hold it in lower regards. The members of these lower churches do not actually accept the belief that Jesus spirit is present within the bread and wine, and so do not take the service as seriously, but they do perform the Lords Supper with the intention of remembering Jesus. The argument used by these lower church members to support their views is that Jesus meant the bread and wine was his body and blood in a metaphorical sense, and the phrase they value most during the Last Supper is when Jesus said, Do this in memory of me. A typical Baptist communion takes place monthly and the only qualification necessary to receive The Lords Supper is a membership with the church. Examples of how the Baptist version of communion differs from the higher church versions of communion are the fact that a table is used instead of an altar, there is no set form (Liturgy), there is no main service and there is no need for an ordained minister. Bread is used but instead of wine they either use unfermented wine or fruit juice and instead of drinking this from a shared chalice they have individual glasses. The people receiving the Lords Supper remain in their seats while receiving it and they all drink at the same time. Any bread left over is given away and any unfermented wine or fruit juice is returned to the bottle. It is clear to see that from the differences in practice, the lower churches believe Communion to be less important. For example, the fact that they return the wine or juice to the bottle shows that they do not believe it to be the blood of Christ, as otherwise they would treat it with higher respect. Methodists also receive communion in a less traditional way but they do have a main service while taking Communion and an ordained minister is necessary. They also would have to go up to the table to receive The Lords Supper and do not all drink at the same time. Other churches, such as the Church of England would celebrate Communion, or as it is known in the Church of England, Eucharist, in an almost identical way to the Roman Catholic church, the only differences being that they use both an altar and a table and they may also use bread instead of wafers. This almost identically shared practice displays almost identical beliefs shared by both members of the churches regarding communion. Christians that do not have a specific building in which to worship and attend communion often practice their religion at home alone or with others in what is called a house church. The practices will remain roughly the same from house to house, due to a lack of an altar or ordained minister, but the beliefs will vary depending on the individual receiving Communion.

Elements of the Strategic Management Process

Elements of the Strategic Management Process Business organizations thrive on long term and short term strategic decisions which drive them to success. These cross functional managerial decisions are fundamental in determining a business organization’s strategic position and its ability to sustain itself in a competitively and dynamically changing environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of the Strategic Management Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore to formulate good business policies, a business manager needs to continuously assess the operational business environment to make strategic decisions in line with an organization’s planning and innovation processes. An Intelligent business executive continuously monitors the political environment in which a business organization operates to ensure potential risks associated with political uncertainties do not get into the way of an organization’s business operations. Ireland, Duane, and Hitt (23) assert that a business organization is likely to suffer heavy losses if a strategic decision made by its executives embodied in its strategic vision does not consider potentially dangerous situations like military invasions. Inconsistent industry regulations and requirements, time allotted for work for every employee or work week, intellectual property laws, legal requirements in making contracts, relationships with trade unions, and specific anti-trust laws can adversely affect a business’s sustainability and operations if such factors are not considered in making long term or short term strategic decisions I(reland, Duane Hitt, 56) Business organizations only thrive in economically stable environments which inspire the confidence for sustained profits. Such environments provide competently skilled manpower, stable currencies of host nations, sustained economic growth, sustained income, and stable inflation rates. When making long term strateg ic management decisions, managers need to identify and evaluate the characteristic type of the economic environment and controls in an economy when strategizing for the future. These ensure the safety and sustainability of an organization’s financial resources. Understanding the social environment enables managers to make strategic decisions in relation to the demographics of an organization’s market environment. Demographic factors determine how an organization designs its products to address the specific needs of a population.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Akbar (1) argues that this helps managers to make strategic plans for sustaining a business organization in today’s fiercely competitive environment. Long term strategies are fundamentally influenced by a market’s social class structures, innovation, cultural norms and values, and educational levels. Different social classes perceive different products differently. They also have different consumer behaviors. Products should be tailored to meet the needs and wants of different classes. Innovative managers make long term strategic decisions tailored to meet customer needs from different social classes while bearing in mind the need to make sustainable business decisions. That sustains a business organization in achieving its short term and long term goals and objectives in line with its strategic vision. According to Akbar (1), companies continuously innovate at every stage of their growth and evolution. When managers make long term decisions, new technological environment remain key factors in influencing such decisions. New technologies place organization at a strategically competitive position against its rivals in terms of innovation and efficient and effective utilization of resources. Effective managers find themselves compelled to consider the effect of these new technologies on cost framework. Costs are likely to go down drastically when new technologies which come with a range of benefits are considered in decision making. Organizations which remain static and do not adapt to new technologies find themselves loosing out to their rivals ho adapt to new technologies. Akbar, Michael. Elements of the Strategic Management Process. 2002-2010. Web. Ireland, R. Duane, Hoskisson Robert E., Hitt, Michael E. Understanding Business Strategy, 2e, South-Western, 2009.

Management and leadership development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Management and leadership development - Essay Example Emphasis is given on the operationalisation of management and leadership development into practice. Appropriate literature is used for highlighting the key issues of the study’s subject. At the next level, the article of the Emerald Group Publishing Limited (2010) ‘Changing Face of Leadership’ is used in order to show the key aspects of the operationalisation of leadership management in practice, as derived through the approach used by the article’s authors. It is concluded that the operationalization of leadership management into practice can be a challenging task – not just because of the requirements of these plans but also because of their implications for the leaders and the organizations. Leadership development is a multi-dimensional plan. When such plan is to be developed within a particular organization, it is important that its implications and its expected benefits are estimated and evaluated. The requirements of the specific plan need also to be taken into account, aiming to reduce the chances of failures when initiating such project. The leadership development affects the organizational life, in terms of the organization’s daily operational activities but also in terms of the context of its strategic choices. These issues are highlighted in the literature. Different approaches have been used for explaining the aspects of operationalisation of leadership development in organizations of different structural and operational characteristics. In accordance with Ryan (2007) the leadership development can lead to the establishment of inequality within the organization; it is explained that leadership is not equally developed across the departments of a particular organization. In certain teams of the organization, leadership plays a key role; in those teams, a significant amount of resources is likely to be invested on leadership development; in other organizational teams – referring to groups of individuals in different

Teaching High School Badminton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Teaching High School Badminton - Essay Example The objective of the researcher is to create a curriculum design for teaching badminton to a diverse high school population. The curriculum must also address students who went through special education. It is a modified form of instruction that caters to students with singular needs or disabilities such as learning differences, mental health problems and other physical and developmental disabilities. Since the majority of the students with disabilities that have returned to general education consists of: 1.) students that have health impairments such as asthma and other chronic health conditions with proper medical clearance and, 2.) students with learning disabilities such as speech and language impairments1, the curriculum would deal with such students in order to narrow the broad scope of students taking special education. Learning disabilities are neural conditions which affect many areas of perception such as: 1.) visual or auditory discrimination, the perception of differences in either sights or sounds, 2.) visual or auditory closure, the completion of missing parts of sights or sounds, 3.) visual or auditory figure-ground discrimination, the ability of a person to focus on an object and disregard the background, 4.) both short term and long term visual or auditory memory w... right order, 6.) auditory association and comprehension which relates what is heard to the meanings of words and sentences, 7.) spatial perception which allows a person to perceive his laterality and his position in space, 8.) temporal perception, the processing of time intervals in the range of milliseconds and, 9.) non-verbal learning, the processing of nonverbal cues in social interactions.Because badminton is a racket sport that requires a great deal of hand-eye coordination and at a certain pace, may require its players to have aerobic stamina, strength and speed, drills and conditioning exercises that would augment the learning process of students with learning disabilities and physical constraints should be added in the curriculum.There are many specialized terms associated with curriculum design, these terms are not defined the same way by many professionals in this field. According to David Armstrong, these are the basic design concepts that must be considered when one is de signing a curriculum: 1.) scope, 2.) sequence, 3.) articulation, 4.) continuity, and 5.) balance.2 Scope "refers to the extent and depth of content coverage."3 This is very significant in curriculum development because of its dependence on instructional time. Since the time given for a certain subject is fixed, expanding the coverage in one area would lead to the reduction of the coverage of another area. The scope can be molded by these considerations: 1.) legal constraints, 2.) content significance, 3.) content authenticity, 4.) motivational appeal, 5.) content complexity, and 6.) the instructor's background and support-material availability.4Legal constraints refer to the decisions that cannot be changed by the curriculum developers. These are usually mandated by

How important is it that education is immediately and obviously Essay - 1

How important is it that education is immediately and obviously relevant to the interests of the pupils and to life in society - Essay Example Another education act was passed in 1944; it administered the creation of the Ministry of education, which in turn established compulsory and free secondary school education. The essay discusses how education is important and its relevance to the pupils and the society in the United Kingdom. The types of schools clearly show how education is important in the United Kingdom. Most of the most famous schools in the United Kingdom are the private boarding schools, for instance, the Winchester School. The famous private schools were founded in the middle ages and parents need to pay a lot of fees for their children to study in such schools (Arthur 2010, p. 82). Although, the schools are considered for the influential and rich families; they also offer scholarships for the gifted but poor children. Private schools that take children between the age of 7 and 13 are referred to as kindergartens. On the other hand, those that take children between the age of 11 and 19 are referred to as public schools. Research shows that only 7 per cent of the United Kingdom attends the private schools (O’Hear&Sidwell 2009, p. 34). The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is given at age 16. If the student qualifies, he or she proceeds to the Advanced level of education commonly referred to as the â€Å"A† levels. Some of the students can be advised to stay in school up to age 18 to prepare themselves for higher education. The United Kingdom has 90 universities which the students can enrol. They are divided into several categories. The common universities are the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford (Bubb 2009, p. 56). Apart from the universities, students can also enrol in advanced education. The advanced education mainly focuses on applied technology and sciences, and they are polytechnics (Wright 2010, p.78). The polytechnic focuses on people who may not have qualified to go to

Measuring Concentration of Natural Gas in Air

Measuring Concentration of Natural Gas in Air Valentin Haemmerli Measuring concentration of natural gas in air using a catalytic bead sensor and a Wheatstone bridge circuit Abstract. A vacuum system and a catalytic bead combustible gas sensor were used to calibrate and test an apparatus for measuring the concentration of natural gas in air. Total concentrations ranged between 0%-5% and total pressure from 0.5 bar to 1.5 bar. A Wheatstone bridge circuit was used to measure the output voltage of the sensors and relate this to concentration over the range of pressures. The linear relationship between reaction rate (given by initial rate of change of output voltage) and concentration was most strongly observed at pressures of 1 bar and above. The constant of proportionality for the equation (1) was found to be 8.7  ±0.4 10-4 Vs-1 per % methane for a total system pressure of 1 bar. The relationship broke down for pressures significantly below 1 bar, indicating that the sensors are not reliable in this range. Introduction Catalytic bead sensors, also known as pellistors [1], are used in a wide range of applications in industry to monitor levels of combustible gases. One such combustible gas is the mixture consisting mainly of methane referred to as natural gas. The catalytic bead sensors can be used to monitor the concentration of natural gas in production facilities, coal mines and industrial processes. This is important because if the concentration of natural gas in air exceeds 5% it becomes explosive [2]. It is especially important to monitor methane concentration because it is usually colourless and odourless [3], making it very difficult to detect without sensors. An apparatus to measure concentration of natural gas in air can be used to trigger an alarm when there is a concentration greater than the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL), given as a percentage. At this concentration the mixture of gas and air becomes explosive. The apparatus may need to be applied for different pressure environments, not only atmospheric pressure, for example in applications with chemical processes requiring lower or higher pressures. The apparatus has therefore been tested for a range of pressures from 0.5 -1.5 bar. Theory Sensors The sensors used are catalytic bead sensors. One sensor is made up of two elements, one sensitive and one non-sensitive. The sensors work by catalysing the oxidation reaction of combustible hydrocarbons in the sensitive element which consists of a platinum wire coated in a compound which facilitates the oxidation reaction and also contains the catalyst for this reaction. The non-sensitive element is identical in most regards, but crucially is missing the oxidizing chemical or has had it poisoned, depending on the specific sensor design used. Poisoning means that the catalyst has been reacted with another chemical to make it inert. The non-sensitive element does not react with combustible gases. The elements are supplied with 3V, and heated up to 400-500ËÅ ¡C to speed up the reaction. When the oxidation reaction of combustible gases occurs on the sensitive element, the heat of reaction increases the temperature of the element, which changes the resistance in the platinum wire. Th e non-sensitive element acts as a control for ambient temperature, meaning that in the absence of any combustible gas, the two elements will output exactly the same voltage. This is very useful as it means that change in temperature due to external factors is controlled and the difference in output between the sensitive and non-sensitive elements can be measured using a Wheatstone bridge circuit as described below. This design means that these sensors detect a multitude of different combustible gases and are therefore not useful for distinguishing between them, meaning they are nonspecific [4]. However, they are very useful for situations where monitoring combustibility is of importance, and they can be applied readily to the task of measuring concentration as they are accurate and have a fast response time. The sensors used are sensitive, with a measurement range of 0-100% of the LEL. This corresponds to 0-5% concentration of methane. One downside of these sensors is that they cannot operate in a vacuum as they rely on combustion, which usually requires at least 15% oxygen [4]. They are also at risk of poisoning since they rely on a coat of catalyst and the presence of certain chemicals can result in a reaction with this catalyst, meaning the sensitive element would no longer facilitate the oxidation reaction and the difference in output between the elements would always be zero. Wheatstone Bridge Circuit Jeong-Yeol Yoon states that â€Å"A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure a very small change in resistance† [5]. A circuit as shown in Figure 1 can be used to measure the output from the sensors, where a small resistance change is expected as a result of the sensitive element heating up due to the presence and reaction of combustible gases. A voltage is supplied at the top and bottom of the diamond of resistors, and the voltage across the middle, between V1 and V2 is measured. The right leg of the bridge should have a large resistance compared to the other leg so that a small change can be detected. The variable resistor allows one to slightly vary the resistance on one leg and so balance the bridge before measurements, zeroing the output. Experimental Method The first step was to test how sensor output related to concentration for a total pressure of 1bar (atmospheric). Care was taken to ensure that all joints and seals of the vacuum system were tight and that all valves were firmly closed. The vacuum system used to prepare test mixtures is shown in Figure 2. P1 and P2, the pressure sensors shown in the figure, were used to measure concentration of natural gas and air. P1 had a range of 3 bar, with the zero set to atmospheric pressure (1bar), and vacuum (0bar) set to -1. This was not very precise, with an uncertainty of  ±0.1bar and was used to fill up the system with compressed air and the pressure shown by this corresponded to total pressure. P2 was a more precise pressure sensor, ranging from 0 to 50 mbar with uncertainty  ±0.5mbar. It was used to carefully add the correct proportion of natural gas to the vacuum, before topping up with compressed air. Using this vacuum system, concentrations ranging from 0-5% natural gas were prepared. Figure 2 also shows the position of the pellistor sensor’s two elements and the connection to the Wheatstone bridge circuit. The output of this circuit was connected to a ÃŽ ¼V meter which was connected to a computer for dat a logging. This had a range of -30.00 to 30.00mV with uncertainty  ±0.01mV. Data logging was carried out for 5 minutes and 30s for concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% at a total pressure of 1 bar. Errors were reduced by zeroing the Wheatstone bridge output using the variable resistor between measurements. This was done to reduce the effect of a natural drift in the output due to very slightly varying conditions in the lab such as temperature and the resistance in the circuit, as well as mechanical vibrations. The bridge circuit supply voltage was kept at a constant 3.00V. Care was taken to leave little time between sealing the system under vacuum and filling with natural gas and air as the seals were not perfect and pressure rose slowly, but noticeably if the system was left at vacuum for an extended period. This procedure was then repeated for a suitable range of concentrations at total pressures of 0.5, 0.75, 1.25, and 1.5 bar. The same considerations were made for reducing error as above. One thing to note is that at total pressures of less than atmospheric there was always a slight influx of outside air, due to the imperfect seals, however the effect of this was negligible. Experimental Results To find a correlation between the concentration of methane and the bridge output voltage we took the gradient of the initial increasing linear section of the raw data. Figure 3 below shows this for the case with concentration 5% of methane with a total pressure of 1 bar. As can be seen, the measured data falls away as reactant, the natural gas, is used up in the reaction. Figure 3 also shows that there is a very sharp spike as the output voltage varied greatly when the sensor was first switched on. This illustrates that care was needed when selecting which section of the curve to use to calculate the gradient. This is the right method to use to find concentration because, according to Hammett, â€Å"the rate of any chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the substances actually involved in the reaction.† [7] and the gradient of Figure 3 is a rate of reaction. The next step was to establish the gradients, or initial reaction rates, of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% methane mixtures. These are shown in Figure 4, along with 5%, for a total pressure of 1 bar. Figure 5 shows these gradients again, but all in order and passing through the origin to better show the steady increase in gradient. Figure 6 shows processed data for 1 bar total pressure. The gradients of the lines from Figures 4 and 5 are plotted against their concentration. This allows us to find a constant linking the raw data to the concentration for this pressure. Table 1 goes on to show the values of this constant for the other pressures analysed. The raw data for these is not shown here, but the process and data is similar to that for 1 bar. Figure 7 shows the relation between the pressure and the concentration. Also included are a second order polynomial and a linear trend line (fitted by least squares). Vertical error bars are from standard error in Table 1 and horizontal error bars from  ±0.1bar uncertainty in total pressure. Discussion Figure 6 shows the gradients of the lines in Figures 4 and 5, meaning the rates of reactions at different concentrations, plotted against the concentration of methane. This gives us a relationship between concentration and the initial rate of reaction, the quantity derived from the raw data, for a specific total pressure. For 1 bar this was 8.7 ±0.4 10-4 Vs-1 per % methane. The error in this comes from a combination of the uncertainty in the pressure measurement leading to uncertainty in concentration corresponding to  ±0.1% in the worst case and a small random error in the output voltage of the bridge circuit corresponding to  ±2Ãâ€"10-4V. Figure 7 includes both a polynomial fit and a linear fit. It is unclear if the relationship remains linear or takes some other form at low pressure. The polynomial is almost linear for the three higher pressures, which indicates a strong relationship between pressure and reaction rate for higher pressures. The values and their associated errors in Table 1 come from each plot of initial reaction rate (rate of change of voltage) against concentration for the different pressures. The error is the standard error for these plots. There was a breakdown of the relationship at low pressures. Data for 0.5 bar total pressure was not included in the results because no clear relationship between output and concentration was found. This indicates that the sensors are not suitable for low pressures, especially when coupled with low concentrations. This resulted in very little output from the sensors, making it difficult to reliably determine an initial reaction rate, which is vital for obtaining a relationship between the raw data and the concentration. The reason for this lack of output was that not enough natural gas particles were interacting with the sensitive element to cause it to heat up and also due to a lower oxygen concentration also slowing down the reaction. This is not a problem in the commercial applications of these types of sensors as they are typically used to detect high concentrations of combustible gases at atmospheric pressure. This does highlight a weakness in the apparatus when used for finding unknown concentrations, however. Another weakness was the inability to measure large pressures precisely, leading to large errors in the total pressure measurements. This has an increased effect on low pressures, which is a further reason for the less reliable data. Empirical Relationship If we give the initial rate of reaction a constant,, and a function of pressure, , then (2) where is the concentration of methane, is determined experimentally from the sensor data and is the polynomial relationship from Figure 7, (3) with the appropriate total pressure, found experimentally from the pressure sensors on the vacuum system, substituted. Using this equation it is possible to use the sensors to determine the concentration of an unknown mixture. Conclusions The aim was to build an apparatus capable of determining the concentration of natural gas in air up to 5%. In order to do this it was necessary to first establish the relationship between sensor output and concentration. This was then repeated at different pressures to understand the effect of a different pressure on the relationship between sensor output and concentration. Finally it was possible to use these relationships to determine the concentration of an unknown mixture of gas and air. The constant of proportionality for 1 bar pressure was found to be 8.7 ±0.4 10-4 Vs-1 per % methane. For 0.75 bar it was found to be 6.5 ±1.6 10-4 Vs-1 per % methane, 1.25 bar was 16.2 ±0.8 10-4 Vs-1 per % methane, and 1.5 bar was 25.3 ±1.9 10-4 Vs-1 per % methane. No correlation was found between sensor output and concentration for 0.5 bar. Appendix Division of labour among group members: Giuseppe Guarino –main tasks were constructing bridge circuit on protoboard and constructing and soldering strip board circuit which was finally used in data collection David Griggs –main tasks were configuring CassyLab software and importing raw data into Microsoft Excel Valentin Haemmerli –main tasks were preparing mixtures of natural gas and compressed air in vacuum system and researching sensor operation guidelines Shared responsibilities –everyone shared the tasks of checking the circuit, building the vacuum system apparatus and preliminary data analysis. References [1]Operating Combustible Gas Sensors, ed: Sixth Sense (sensor manufacturer). [2]Material Safety Data Sheet: Methane, ed: Air Products, 1999. [3]J. G. Speight, CHAPTER 1: History and Uses, in Natural Gas: A Basic Handbook, ed: Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC / Gulf Publishing Company, 2007, pp. 1-33. [4]L. T. White, 4 Hazardous Gas Monitoring Sensors, in Hazardous Gas Monitoring (Fifth Edition), L. T. White, Ed., ed Norwich, NY: William Andrew Publishing, 2001, pp. 81-116. [5]J.-Y. Yoon, Wheatstone Bridge, in Introduction to Biosensors, ed: Springer New York, 2013, pp. 75-86. [6]Catalytic Elements CAT16, ed: Sixth Sense (sensor manufacturer). [7]L. P. Hammett, Physical organic chemistry reaction rates, equilibria, and mechanisms. New York; St. Louis; San Francisco [etc.]: McGraw-Hill, 1970.

Legacy and Respect: The Usefulness of Feminism Essay -- Gender Sexuali

Legacy and Respect: The Usefulness of Feminism In a letter to students who participate in Bryn Mawr and Haverford Colleges' bi-college Feminist and Gender Studies department, Head of the Department Anne Dalke outlined an argument in favor of changing the program's name. She wrote, "Our argument for re-naming the F&GS program "Gender and Sexuality" is based on 3 claims: 1. that it will be enticing for prospective and current students and faculty, because it names their personal and intellectual interests and investments (while avoiding the word "feminism," which is off-putting to a large range of individuals) 2. that it accurately represents the current state of scholarship in the field 3. that it accurately names--and invites exploration of--where the interesting questions lie." At the date in which this statement was composed last April, I probably would have agreed with its relevancy and reasoning. I no longer accept this line of thinking, however, due to my education and involvement in Anne's co-taught class I am taking this semester, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Gender. It is ironic that I began my study of gender four years ago as a freshman vehemently against feminism, and only now as a senior taking the only class required for every major or concentrator in that field have I come to appreciate the legacy and usefulness of feminism as a theory of practice and of education. My original concepts of feminism were that it was a theory that denounced men and elevated women beyond a fair or equitable place in society. I recognize now the stereotyping that I inadvertently allowed myself to feel. "Equating feminist struggle with living in a counter-cultural, woman-centered world erected barriers that closed... ...of a more perfect understanding. Works Cited Dalke, Anne. "Re-Naming the Feminist & Gender Studies Concentration: An Account of the Past Process of Deliberation--and a Sketch Towards the Future." CAP doc. April 14, 2004 Fuss, Diana. "Inside/Out." Critical Encounters: Reference and Responsibility in Deconstructive Writing. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995. 233-240. hooks, bell. "Feminism: A Movement to End Sexist Oppression." Feminist Theory Reader. Ed. Caroline McCann and Seung-Kyung Kim. New York: Routledge. 2003, 50-57. Johnson, Allan G. The Gender Knot: Unraveling our Patriarchal Legacy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1997. Rubin, Gail. "Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality." American Feminist Thought at Century's End : A Reader. Ed. Linda S. Kauffman Cambridge, Ma : Blackwell, 1993. 3-64.

Cancer and Technology Essay

Over the years, technology has evolved and given us many advantages such as the breakthroughs in medical science, transportation, and the internet. Imagine your life without all of these benefits. Technology has forever changes our lives and given us new ways to see life. Can you imagine where we would be now without it? During the last 30 years medicine has reached new frontiers and many new breakthroughs that benefit the public on regular bases. Now what were once unknown diseases that could not be treated such as cancer are now able to be treated. In consequence of technology evolving and becoming more high tech, machines that allow chemo therapy and radiation are available. I am very grateful for this breakthrough in science because my grandfather had cancer and because of radiation the cancerous cells were killed and now he is able to live a long and healthy life in the sun. Another benefit that technology had given us in science is beneficial to deaf people. Hundreds of years ago these disabled people had no hope of recovering any hearing, but now there are hearing aids, and surgeries that replace impaired parts of the ear. Surgeries now are available to anyone at any time, we might take this a common action now but a hundred years ago surgeries were dangerous and done raw without any sedatives. Technology has also brought us one of the most life altering deices, The World Wide Web. The internet has, one could say, taken over our lives in practically every way. It is the number one way to require quick information which helps students, teachers, and anyone trying to gain information all by a click of a button. The internet has shown very useful when encountering natural disasters. For example during hurricane Sandy the cell phone lines where always busy or the connection was lost, so the most reliable way to communicate was through the internet via Facebook, Email, and Twitter. Another way technology has amazed me is through video chat. Instead of having to travel to see your family, you are able to see them face to face and for a brief moment you might think that they are actually there with you in the room. Another remarkable way technology has greatly impacted the world is through travel. Hundreds of years ago it was would take weeks to cross the Atlantic Ocean and now thanks to technology and planes it only takes 6 hours to cross the ocean. The concept of flying and being able to be in one country one day and in another the next still astounds me to this day. Technology also gave us buses and trains. These modes of transportation also have greatly impacted our society today. Many people rely on buses to get to and from work. Another mode of transportation that technology has created is the spaceship which has allowed us to explore different planets and given us a better understanding of the world around us. Technology seems to have completely taken over our lives. It has given us so many advantages from medical breakthroughs, and the internet, to transportation in this world and to other ones. This one discovery has impacted our lives forever and we can only imagine what other great ideas can come from it, and how it will affect our lives once more.

Literary Analysis Research Paper Essays

Literary Analysis Research Paper Essays Literary Analysis Research Paper Essay Literary Analysis Research Paper Essay The Uncompromising Effects Due to Gender Roles of Edna Pointillist in Kate Chopping The Awakening and Perfect Peace in Daniel Blacks A Perfect Peace Daniel Blacks A Perfect Peace is a heart-breaking portrait of a large, rural southern familys attempt to contend with their mothers desperate decision to alter the seventh childs gender. In the mid to late sasss, in the south, men were expected to perform yard duties while women cooked, cleaned, and nurtured the children. Kate Chopping The Awakening takes place in the sasss and urine this period of time; women were expected to be docile to their husbands and children in a patriarchal setting. Gender roles tend to become perplexed and misunderstood within the novels, The Awakening by Kate Chopin and A Perfect Peace by Daniel Black. Of these works the authors reveal inch-by-inch, the trials, tribulations, and revelations his or her may have when deciding on his or her status within gender roles. Chopin makes an effective effort to inform readers about self-satisfaction and having the courage to reveal that irrational Judgment The Awakening. Having dated back in the Victorian era, the vision of a woman yearning to expand her knowledge about anything was declared as absurd. Chopin introduces a character Edna Pointillist who, in the beginning, is assumed as the typical housewife with practical housewife duties. In truth, Edna despises her duties and begins to long for autonomy. Chopin states, A certain light was beginning to dawn dimly within her, the light which showing the way, forbids it. At that early period it served to bewilder her. It moved her to dreams, to thoughtfulness, to the shadowy anguish which had overcome her the midnight when she had abandoned herself to tears. (14). Here, Chopin explores Deans mind by exposing her emotions in parallel with thoughts from the prior circumstance. In addition to Deans person struggles within herself, Chopin focuses on the desire Edna dreams of, becoming the independent, outspoken woman that Madame Rotational exudes. She explains, She had long wished to try herself on Madame Rotational. Never had that lady seemed a more tempting subject than at that moment, seated there like some sensuous Madonna, with the gleam of the fading day enriching her splendid color. (12). Clearly, Chopin expresses the sudden desired thought of Madame Rotational from Edna while using a plethora of secretive phrases and adjectives describing such an image. Chopin also reveals Deans passive promiscuous characteristic by describing how devoted she is to Madame Ratatouilles needs. She continues: Madame Rotational folded her sewing, placing thimble, scissors, and thread all neatly together in the roll, which she pinned securely. She complained of faintness. [Edna] Mrs.. Pointillist flew for the cologne water and a fan. She bathed Madame Ratatouilles face with cologne She stood watching the fair woman walk down the long line of galleries with grace and majesty which queens are sometimes supposed to possess. (13) Chopin demonstrates the lack of limitation. Later within the literary work, Chopin gives readers the final stages in which Edna can no longer bear to follow the negative effects of gender roles. The act of suicide was foreshadowed by the undesired feeling of being a mother or a housewife hostage. Chopin illuminates, She went on and on. She remembered the night she swam far out, and recalled the terror that seized her at the fear of being unable to regain the shore. She did not look back now, but went on and on, thinking of the blue-grass meadow that she had traversed when a little child, leveling that it had no beginning and no end. Her arms and legs were growing tired. She thought of Leonie and the children. They were a part of her life. But they need not have thought that they could possess her, body and soul. How Mademoiselle Raise would have laughed, perhaps sneered, if she knew! And you call yourself an artist! What pretensions, Madame! The artist must possess the courageous soul that dates and defies. (109) By Chopin guaranteeing that Edna was going to take her life, Chopin allows readers to understand that she was not only alleviating herself from violation but undoubtedly freeing her body and soul (109). When raised a certain way from birth, the pupil becomes accustomed to the criteria of the lifestyle. In A Perfect Peace, Daniel Black takes a probing look into the puzzling and unnatural ways the character, Perfect, is transformed from the femininity to masculinity of life. Mimi have to get clear about the kind of life you can live here. Life can be lived anywhere, but not every life can be lived everywhere. (336). Black effectively points out that only being a girl or boy is a life that can be lived, but by becoming both initiate that, that particular life is ineffective. One of the most prominent characters mentioned in this literary work is named Emma Jean. Black describes the longing Emma Jean exhibits for a seventh child as a girl. He elaborates, Emma Jean wouldnt look. All she could think about was the promise she had made as a child to love and pamper a daughter the way someone shouldve loved her. Shed dreamed of stroking a little girls hair and binding it with golden ribbons, then sending her off to be admitted by the world. But that couldnt happen now. How would she ever spite her mother without a daughter of her own? (13) Black makes clear that Emma Jean has struggled with the negligence of her own mother therefore by giving birth to a girl; Emma Jean can prove her point that a daughter deserves the world. As the novel progresses, Emma Jeans conscious develops the harsh burden that has been hidden from Perfect for eight years. She can no longer take the guilt from which stems from the very day Perfect was born and must now reveal the one secret that alters the remainder of this novel. Dreading the moment like Sisyphus must have dreaded another rolling of the stone, Emma Jean rose and said, Perfect, honey, come tit me. .. No. Not Really. I mean no. When you was born I decided to raise you as a girl cause I wanted one so bad but- M)U was born a boy. I made you a girl, but that anti what you was suppose to be. (127,128). The following reveals that Perfects identity was altered and Perfect now must become Paul and abide by the guidelines off males gender role. With the unthinkable choices to follow the guidelines of gender roles, Kate Chopin and Daniel Black allow both Edna and Perfect to overcome those difficult decisions. Edna finds herself trapped between being her own self and being what she should be. Edna frequently thinks about not living the life of a feelings of displacement in a patriarchal society soon come to a devastating reality: suicide. Perfect Peace suffers from the confusion that her mother, Emma Jean has place upon her due to the sudden change of gender. Perfect not only struggles with the procedures of being a girl within gender roles, but also once revealed as born a boy. Neither Daniel Blacks A Perfect Peace nor Kate Chopping The Awakening do not hesitate in elaborating the immense pain and conflicting decisions each character faces and in order to be content with his/her self, gender must come secondary for here are no roles when being yourself. Barristers, Lisa.

The Disadvantages of Socialized Medicine essays

The Disadvantages of Socialized Medicine essays The topic of this paper is how socialized healthcare has disadvantages. Socialized healthcare is in the news today and is proposed by some leaders in both parties of Congress as the answer to insurance and health crises that are becoming apparent in the democratic system in the United States. Unemployment and inflation have made it impossible for many to afford private insurance and it is increasingly becoming the norm for businesses from large corporations to small businesses to not offer their employees health insurance. Today a bill to fund health insurance for underprivileged children is being debated in both houses and the President of the United States has threatened to veto it if it passes. Many people are for some sort of socialized healthcare today, but though the trend appears to be going that direction, there are factors that might be detrimental which must be considered before socialized healthcare becomes the norm. One must conclude that should socialized healthcare beco me part of the governmental system, there would be a few disadvantages that might outweigh its benefits. Great Britain is one nation which has had a National Health Service (NHS) since 1948. This initial experiment was more costly that predicted, the system was overloaded so that one in eight patients waited for over a year for treatment (Carvel, 2007, 2), the drugs administered were limited or unavailable for those who needed them, and the facilities were not up to par (Kelland, 2006, 1). Problems continue to plague the British health system, with government officials skimming funds and research lagging. One of the United States nearest neighbors, Canada, has enjoyed the Canada Health Act since 1984, when it established a publicly-financed, single-payer system and outlawed private health insurance. Although most Canadians approve of their public health system, there are problems such as long waits for specialized surgeries (Duff-Brown 1). Another...

Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Sustainability - Essay Example In addition, one should considering the durability of the selected materials. In bridge engineering, the constructors have opportunity to make their decisions and provide solutions that will give a balance between the environments, social impact, and economical guidelines of sustainability. The bridge to be constructed is a unique one in nature since it will be capable of opening from the middle to enable large ships and vessels to pass freely. This will require a lot of time to design, rating or assessment of materials to be used (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2001). The bridge professionals and transportation authorities should ensure that the right materials and construction techniques are used and presented in a consistent, systematic and credible way. This project will consider the development of bridge sustainability putting into consideration its three pillars, that is; social, environmental, and economical factors. The project will focus on the materials used in constructio n, but not limited to the following content: 1) What is the mentioned material? 2) Why it is a good material to be used in the construction of a bridge? 3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of it in constructing a bridge in this project? 4) How it could be good for the bridge in the long run, is it durable? 5) Comparison between the properties of the materials and how it could be improved Materials used in the bridge Materials and other resources to be used in sustainable bridge construction should be ensured to be the most appropriate materials for the site and the future maintenance in case of recycling of the structure. The constructor should include sustainable materials and should be in a position to answer several questions such as: are recycled materials used in bridge construction? What is the cost of the materials? Is the bridge designed with a complete life cycle analysis in place? The construction of the bridge in question will require the following materials (Ste ele, 2004): 1. Steel (frame, deck, and structure) 2. Timber 3. Concrete 4. Wire cables 5. Winches 6. Solar panels 7. Small Wind turbines The design and the innovation of this bridge project will be determined by the materials above. In addition, the materials selected will also address construction of lifelong maintained engineering motorway bridge. Individual materials Steel (frame, deck, and structure) Steel is iron materials made from iron ore. It is used in the construction of structures that require strong foundation and based. Steel will be used to strengthen the bridge. In order to make the bridge stronger still bar should be used to reinforce the concrete. Deck will be used to span the distance between the two ends of the bridge, since the bridge is suspended, deck will form the open truss structure to support the roadbed, preventing the bridge from collapsing. Rivets are used to join steel and the deck. Steel will form the Beams, plates, and rods shown in the proposed bridg e picture (Parag, 1999). Advantages of steel Steel makes a strong foundation of the bridge. This is because steel is one of the strongest materials used in bridge constructions. It is also used to span distances that are cannot be spanned using other construction materials such as wood. It is stronger than

Reflective Diary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Reflective Diary - Essay Example One of my pair’s friends commented that I did not give enough time for my partner to speak out. I was surprised and I reflected if I did hinder my partner’s communication in any way and why I did not become more aware of it. Using Johns Model, the significant factors that might have affected the experience (University of Cumbria, 2014b, p.2) were the limited time of the discussion, my extrovert personality, and my impatience in waiting for others to express themselves. Time was limited and I felt the pressure to rush the process of the discussion to get the results of how to speak with others. In addition, I am a friendly person and I like talking to people, which can seem like dominating conversations. In my mind, I also want to motivate others to speak by talking about my experiences, but this does not work all the time. Furthermore, I was a bit impatient in waiting for my partner to speak up. I think I do not know how to deal with shy or introvert people as much as I would like to admit because I am unsure if and when silence is something good in conversations when dealing with strangers. The next stage for the model is reflection on what I was trying to achieve and the consequences of my goals and actions (University of Cumbria, 2014b, p.2). My goals then were to express my ideas and issues about communication and to ensure that I can also learn from my partner. My constraints were time and the potentially different communication styles that we have. Time can be an obstacle to effective communication if it becomes a source of pressure to attain fast outcomes (Bruhn, 2011, p.278). Differences in communication styles can also lead to incorrect interpretations of verbal and non-verbal expressions (Solomon and Theiss, 2013, p.360). As for the consequences, I probably did not give my partner enough time to be able to fully express her ideas and opinions. I can be quite outcome-oriented, which can make me vulnerable to time pressures (Bruhn,

How do western media cover China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

How do western media cover China - Essay Example Historically, western nations of the world have risen and developed much earlier than those from the far east, especially South East Asia. Such developments in the west from the fifteenth century have radically shaped the image of Europe being a forerunner in progress. It has set the standard for the rest of the world to emulate (Cao, 2012). This has developed an arrogance which claims the western portrayal of the ‘orient’ as incapable of ‘modernization’ (Said, 1978). From nineteenth century scholars such as Marx and Hegel, to modern authors such as Fukuyama (1989), non-Western nations have been portrayed as technologically and socio-politically inferior to western countries. Three Events Meriting Media Coverage for the World Guo (2012) identified three major events in Chinese history in 2008 that have been portrayed by western media in several ways. These are the Tibetan riots in March, The Wenchuan Earthquake in May and the Olympic Games in August. With th ese three events happening in a span of a few months, China has received a wide variety of impressions from all over the world thanks to the subjectivity/ objectivity of news delivery of western media. The Tibetan riots were impelled by political causes and were highlighted with the conflicts and disputes on religion, freedom of speech and politics between Chinese society and western media. These riots attracting much attention from media and may have conveyed to the world that political instability can result from such a spectacle. The overall perception created by the western media was allegedly â€Å"inaccurate, ideologically biased against and unfair towards China† (Guo, 2012, p. 78). Chinese scholars thought that western media coverage of the Tibetan riots portrayed it as a government crackdown instead of a mere act of riot or unrest from a minority of the population of civilians (Guo, 2012). They felt that the foreign correspondents sided with the Tibetan rioters who we re described as suppressed in their fight for freedom and equal human rights. On the other hand, these correspondents were critical and suspicious of the Chinese government. Further, such reporting of the news on the riots was not constrained to the event itself but was linked and analyzed with other protest actions such as the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989 and a possible boycott of the forthcoming Beijing Olympics a few months after the riots (Zhao, 2008). The negative impression created by this western media coverage affected people’s anticipation of negative outcomes in the holding of the Olympics in China in the same year. What was expected to be an exciting and momentous sports event was marred by an anti-Chinese torch relay during the Olympics because of the earlier Tibetan riots (Zhang & Yu, 2008). Such display of rebellion has turned world opinion against China, and this was highlighted by western media (Guo 2012). Hosting the Olympics meant a big deal to China si nce it represented an achievement of a long-held ambition to show the world that sport is taken quite seriously in this country, not merely for fun or physical competition. For China, it is about national honor, pride or shame. The Olympic spirit is tightly intertwined with the Chinese nationalist sentiment (Guo 2012). The great anticipation in planning this grand event was disappointed by the natural disaster of an earthquake and the human intervention of a rambunctious riot meant to divert attention from the grandeur of the Olympics. In contrast, the Wenchuan

Discuss evolutionary explanations of intelligence Essay Example for Free

Discuss evolutionary explanations of intelligence Essay Intelligence has been considered a unique feature of human beings as it gives us the ability to devise elaborate strategies for solving problems. There are three key evolutionary explanations of intelligence, which are, foraging/ecological, social and sexual selection.  Foraging is when animals learn food preferences from others. This ability has clear survival advantages because the animal can learn from others rather than using trial and error process to identify which foods are harmful. The larger the range of food required, the larger the foraging area must be and the greater the requirement for more complex abilities. Many primates have to balance their diet by selective eating through successful hunting, which requires forethought, planning, cunning and the ability to coordinate the actions of a number of individuals. Finding food over a particular area may require a cognitive map (memorized spatial knowledge).Obtaining the food requires tool use and hunting techniques, which is another indication of intelligence in both human and non-human species. Visalberghi and Trinca (1987) did a study to look at the effects of tool use. Capuchin monkeys were given task of pushing peanut butter out of a tube. They found that the monkeys were quick at finding a suitable stick but tried out many unsuitable ones first. This suggests no understanding of causal relationships and that many animals develop the skill through trial and error rather than insight. Only the great apes show the sophisticated understanding of cause and effect so this supports the link between tool use and intelligence. The association between the growth of hunting and intelligence shows that more intelligent individuals are more intelligent than less intelligent. However many species with very successful hunting techniques are not very intelligent and therefore it is unlikely that the benefits of hunting would account for human levels of intelligence. The efficiency in foraging of a particular animal has been shown by various psychologists. Galef (1988) did a study in which a rat was allowed to eat food with a distinctive flavour, with cocoa or cinnamon. A test rat was then put in with the demonstrator for 30 minutes, but with no food present. This test rat then had to choose between cocoa-flavoured and cinnamon-flavoured food. It was found that the test rats preferred food of the same flavour as that eaten by the demonstrator. This was still the case 4 hours after the demonstrator had eaten and when 12 hours had elapsed before the test rat made its choice. Therefore it can be concluded that interacting with a rat after it has eaten creates a particular preference for that food. These results could be interpreted in a number of ways, in terms of the rats been neophobic, meaning unwilling to try anything new. The test rat could have picked up on the smell of the particular food on the breath of the demonstrator and will have been choosing between what was familiar and unfamiliar rather than been influenced directly by the demonstrator actually eating the food. However despite this Galef also found similar results even when the test rats were familiar with both cocoa and cinnamon flavoured food. The social theory says that interactions with other members of a social group present an intellectual challenge and primate intelligence has been evolved in response to this challenge. It has been suggested that intelligence is an evolutionary adaptation for solving social problems. The most intelligent species are the social animals, which are bees, parrots, dolphins, elephants, wolves, monkeys, etc. The group living could have set the stage for the evolution of intelligence in two ways; sociality which increases the value of having better information, because information is one commodity that that can be given away and kept at the same time. For example a more intelligent animal within a group has the benefit of knowledge and what it can get in exchange for the knowledge. Secondly group living itself has new cognitive challenges. Social animals send and receive signals to coordinate predation, defence, and foraging and sexual behaviour. They exchange favours, repay and enforce debts, punish cheaters and join coalitions. Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis came from various related hypotheses, which Bryne and Whiten (1988) brought together. This suggests that deceiving and detecting deception are the primary reason for the evolution of intelligence. Evidence supports this, as Bryne and Whiten (1992) have shown that there is a strong positive correlation between neocortex ratio and the prevalence of tactical deception in various primates and this implies that there is a clear relationship between social manipulation and intelligence.